三江平原井灌水稻水分生产函数模型及敏感指数变化规律研究

通过田间试验，按照井灌水稻生充阶段设置不同处理水平模式，通过不同模型分析选择。建立了适合三江平原地区井灌水稻的水分生产函数模型。并对敏感指数在全生育期内变化规律做进一步研究。为井灌水稻非充分灌溉条件下的灌溉制度优化提供基础依据。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

Is partial root-zone drying an effective irrigation technique to improve water use efficiency and fruit quality in field-grown wine grapes under semiarid conditions?

We investigated the effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD) applied at different periods on leaf water relations, vegetative development, fruit yield, must and wine quality in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell) during a 3-year field experiment in order to determine the importance of the timing of PRD application on physiological and agronomical vine response under semiarid conditions. Two irrigation treatments were applied: conventional drip irrigation (CI) and PRD. Both treatments received the same annual water quantity. Each year the PRD treatment was applied at different periods of the growth cycle. In 1999 PRD was applied from veraison to harvest (end July–early September); in 2000 from fruit set to harvest (mid June–early September); and in 2001 PRD from budburst to harvest (mid April–early September). Leaf water relations and gas exchange during the experimental period were not significantly affected by PRD treatment. In 1999 and 2000 there was no significant treatment effect on vegetative development, yield or fruit quality. However, in 2001 (when PRD was applied from budburst to harvest), reproductive and vegetative development was clearly altered in PRD vines. Fruit set percentage and vegetative development (shoot length, pruning weight and primary and lateral leaf area) were significantly increased in PRD vines compared to CI. This resulted in both higher yield (kg per vine) (43%) and water use efficiency (40%) compared to CI vines. Berry number per cluster and cluster weight were also significantly increased in PRD vines. Notwithstanding higher yield in PRD vines and a similar berry size, the must and wine quality was not significantly altered, indicating a higher synthesis and accumulation of photoassimilates and metabolites in the berries of PRD vines. We conclude that there was an positive effect on vegetative and reproductive growth when long-term PRD was applied from the beginning of growing season (budburst), suggesting that early onset of PRD is desirable to intensify PRD response under these semiarid conditions. Nevertheless from these results we need to further investigate the long- and short-term effects of PRD, with moderate water amounts, on vegetative and reproductive development such as flowering and fruit set processes in wine grapes.     

阴离子交换树脂对米糠植酸的吸附解吸性能

通过静态和动态试验研究了6种阴离子交换树脂对植酸的吸附与解吸性能.结果表明,D201树脂对植酸的吸附交换作用较好,且在pH值为2.2时吸附能力最强,静态吸附量达到94.54 mg/g,1.5 mol/L的NaOH溶液利于植酸解吸;Freundlich吸附等温方程可以较好地描述D201树脂对植酸的等温吸附,表明吸附在常温下进行即可;D201树脂对植酸的吸附过程符合Lagergren一级速率方程,表观吸附速率常数k与植酸起始植酸浓度呈负相关关系,与温度呈正相关关系.在D201树脂对植酸的动态吸附与解吸过程中,层析柱管径、上样液浓度、上样液流速和洗脱剂流速对吸附与解吸效果影响较大.     

温室番茄结果期产量和品质对水分亏缺的响应

试验以甘肃武威市凉州区传统灌水量为对照(CK),设计3个灌水量水平CK、2/3CK、1/2CK,在番茄结果期研究亏缺灌溉对日光温室番茄累计产量及平均单果质量、品质、干物质分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的减少,水分利用率显著提高,番茄果实中的可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、有机酸和Vc含量均增加,果实的累计采收...     

华南地区覆盖旱种水稻节水及其水分利用效率研究

大田试验条件下设置常规水稻(T11)、覆膜旱作水稻(T12)、覆草旱作水稻(T13)和裸地旱作水稻(T14)4个处理,研究旱作水稻的节水效率及水分利用效率。水稻本田期T11用水总量545.40 mm,显著高于各旱作处理水稻,以此为参照,T12、T13和T14节水效率分别为35.1%、22.8%和21.2%。以裸地旱作处理T14为参照,T12节水率17.7%,而T13无明显节水效果。旱作水稻的节水效果主要发生在水稻移栽后前2个月,之后无明显节水效果。各处理以籽粒产量/耗水量为基础计算的水分利用效率(WUE),T12、T13、T14和T11处理分别为1.47、1.31、1.21和1.05 g/kg,以干物质量/耗水量为基础计算的WUE各处理之间的趋势与以籽粒产量/耗水量计算的WUE基本一致。     

影响激光熔覆质量的主要因素

激光熔覆层中的组织晶粒度和硬度高，稀释率低，抗摩擦磨损和抗腐蚀性能好；激光熔覆技术能改善零件质量，延长零件使用期限，提高生产系统的安全性和可靠性；本文分析了激光功率、光斑形状尺寸（或离焦量）和扫描速度、基体材料、熔覆层材料、搭接率等工艺参数对激光熔覆质量的影响规律及改善方法。     

灌区湖泊污染主成分分析

在上游污染物排放特性的影响下,位于灌区内的湖泊水环境污染问题必定有其特殊性.以位于我国北方的河套灌区中的草型浅水湖泊乌梁素海为研究对象,将实测的湖泊水质监测数据与空间数据结合,采用基于因子分析的主成分方法将乌梁素海的水质参数概括为7个主成分,即:富营养化特征指标、湖泊盐化特征指标、湖泊有机物污染指标、湖泊形态特征指标、水体酸碱指标、水体藻类生物量指标、植物生长环境指标.分析讨论各主成分的科学内涵以及结合地区特征的湖泊污染机理,为灌区湖泊水体的合理利用与污染的治理提供科学依据.     

中国水稻栽植机械的发展

我国水稻生产历史悠久，在世界粮食生产中扮演着非常重要的角色。因此，选择一种适合于我国水稻种植的机械已成为当前及今后水稻生产中的主要问题。为此，阐述了我国水稻栽植机械化所面临的问题；同时，分析了几种水稻栽植技术模式，以对我国水稻栽植机械的发展提供依据和参考。     

水稻钵苗振动排序正位装置的分析与试验

根据有序抛秧机的分秧要求,提出了一种水稻钵苗振动排序正位装置,把从秧盘上取下的无序钵苗整理成土钵在前的有序排列。对钵苗在振动排序正位装置上的受力情况、钵苗的重心位置进行了分析,发现钵苗的重心在土钵内或在靠近土钵上表面的秧株内,为钵苗在惯性力作用下自动正位提供了保证。通过对单棵和群体钵苗的试验与高速摄影观察与分析,证明钵苗能够在惯性力作用下,在振动排序正位装置上自动正位,钵苗自动正位是可行的。